Perhaps most distressingly, the GAO has been warning about these cyber vulnerabilities since the mid-1990s. 49 Leading Edge: Combat Systems Engineering & Integration (Dahlgren, VA: NAVSEA Warfare Centers, February 2013), 9; Aegis Weapon System, available at ; Zak Doffman, Cyber Warfare: U.S. Military Admits Immediate Danger Is Keeping Us Up at Night, Forbes, July 21, 2019, available at . Streamlining public-private information-sharing. See National Science Board, Overview of the State of the U.S. S&E Enterprise in a Global Context, in. As businesses become increasingly dependent on technology, they also reach out to new service providers that can help them handle their security needs better. Nikolaos Pissanidis, Henry Roigas, and Matthijs Veenendaal (Tallinn: NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, 2016), 194, available at <, https://www.ccdcoe.org/uploads/2018/10/Art-12-Weapons-Systems-and-Cyber-Security-A-Challenging-Union.pdf, Weapon Systems Cybersecurity: DOD Just Beginning to Grapple with Scale of Vulnerabilities, , GAO-19-128 (Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, 2018), available at <, https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-19-128.pdf, Lubold and Volz, Navy, Industry Partners Are Under Cyber Siege.. This discussion provides a high level overview of these topics but does not discuss detailed exploits used by attackers to accomplish intrusion. The target must believe that the deterring state has both the capabilities to inflict the threatening costs and the resolve to carry out a threat.14 A deterring state must therefore develop mechanisms for signaling credibility to the target.15 Much of the Cold War deterrence literature focused on the question of how to convey resolve, primarily because the threat to use nuclear weaponsparticularly in support of extended deterrence guarantees to allieslacks inherent credibility given the extraordinarily high consequences of nuclear weapons employment in comparison to any political objective.16 This raises questions about decisionmakers willingness to follow through on a nuclear threat. L. No. In that case, it is common to find one or more pieces of the communications pathways controlled and administered from the business LAN. systems. The cyber vulnerabilities that exist across conventional and nuclear weapons platforms pose meaningful risks to deterrence.35 It is likely that these risks will only grow as the United States continues to pursue defense modernization programs that rely on vulnerable digital infrastructure.36 These vulnerabilities present across four categories, each of which poses unique concerns: technical vulnerabilities in weapons programs already under development as well as fielded systems, technical vulnerabilities at the systemic level across networked platforms (system-of-systems vulnerabilities), supply chain vulnerabilities and the acquisitions process, and nontechnical vulnerabilities stemming from information operations. A system could be exploited through a single vulnerability, for example, a single SQL Injection attack could give an attacker full control over sensitive data. Most of these events are not reported to the public, and the threats and incidents to ICS are not as well-known as enterprise cyber threats and incidents. An attacker wishing control simply establishes a connection with the data acquisition equipment and issues the appropriate commands. On the communications protocol level, the devices are simply referred to by number. Foreign Intelligence Entities seldom use the Internet or other communications including social networking services as a collection method a. This page contains a web-friendly version of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency's Binding Operational Directive 19-02, "Vulnerability Remediation Requirements for Internet-Accessible Systems". They decided to outsource such expertise from the MAD Security team and without input, the company successfully achieved a measurable cyber risk reduction. Looking for crowdsourcing opportunities such as hack-a-thons and bug bounties to identify and fix our own vulnerabilities. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines a vulnerability as a "weakness in an information system, system security procedures, internal controls, or implementation that could be exploited or triggered by a threat source." Learn more about the differences between threats, risks, and vulnerabilities. Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement, see, for example, National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA), Implementing Cybersecurity in DOD Supply Chains White Paper: Manufacturing Division Survey Results, (Arlington, VA: NDIA, July 2018), available at <, http://www.ndia.org/-/media/sites/ndia/divisions/manufacturing/documents/cybersecurity-in-dod-supply-chains.ashx?la=en, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and, Sustainment, Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification, available at <, >; DOD, Press Briefing by Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment Ellen M. Lord, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Acquisition Kevin Fahey, and Chief Information Security Officer for Acquisition Katie Arrington, January 31, 2020, available at <, https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/2072073/press-briefing-by-under-secretary-of-defense-for-acquisition-sustainment-ellen/, Federal Acquisition Regulation: Prohibition on Contracting with Entities Using Certain Telecommunications and Video Surveillance Services or Equipment,, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/07/14/2020-15293/federal-acquisition-regulation-prohibition-on-contracting-with-entities-using-certain. Tomas Minarik, Raik Jakschis, and Lauri Lindstrom (Tallinn: NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, https://ccdcoe.org/uploads/2018/10/Art-02-The-Cyber-Deterrence-Problem.pdf, Michael P. Fischerkeller and Richard J. Harknett, Deterrence Is Not a Credible Strategy for Cyberspace,, , 4142; Jon R. Lindsay, Tipping the Scales: The Attribution Problem and the Feasibility of Deterrence Against Cyberattack,. None of the above , Adelphi Papers 171 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies. Foreign Intelligence Entity (FIE) is defined in DoD Directive 5240.06 as "any known or suspected foreign organization, person, or group (public, private, or . A Senate report accompanying the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 included a provision for GAO to review DOD's implementation of cybersecurity for weapon systems in development. Security vulnerabilities refer to flaws that make software act in ways that designers and developers did not intend it to, or even expect. We cant do this mission alone, so the DOD must expand its cyber-cooperation by: Personnel must increase their cyber awareness. If you feel you are being solicited for information, which of the following should you do? Vulnerabilities simply refer to weaknesses in a system. The objective would be to improve the overall resilience of the systems as well as to identify secondary and tertiary dependencies, with a focus on rapid remediation of identified vulnerabilities. Moreover, the process of identifying interdependent vulnerabilities should go beyond assessing technical vulnerabilities to take a risk management approach to drive prioritization given the scope and scale of networked systems. On October 9th, 2018, the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) published a report to the Senate that details the cybersecurity vulnerabilities of the Department of Defense's (DOD) weapon systems. Operational Considerations for Strategic Offensive Cyber Planning, Journal of Cybersecurity 3, no. It is common to find RTUs with the default passwords still enabled in the field. As stated in the, , The Department must defend its own networks, systems, and information from, malicious cyber activity and be prepared to defend, when directed, those networks and systems operated by non-DOD-owned Defense Critical Infrastructure (DCI) and Defense Industrial Base (DIB) entities. Ensuring the Cyber Mission Force has the right size for the mission is important. 1636, available at . Koch and Golling, Weapons Systems and Cyber Security, 191. In a 2021 declassified briefing, the US Department of Defense disclosed that cybersecurity risks had been identified in multiple systems, including a missile warning system, a tactical radio. One study found that 73% of companies have at least 1 critical security misconfiguration that could potentially expose them to an attack. 3 (January 2017), 45. . . But where should you start? Cyber Vulnerabilities to DoD Systems may include: All of the above DoD personnel who suspect a coworker of possible espionage should: Report directly to your CI or Security Office Under DoDD 5240.06 Reportable Foreign Intelligence Contacts, Activities, Indicators and Behaviors; which of the following is not reportable? Cyber vulnerabilities to DoD Systems may include All of the above Foreign Intelligence Entity . April 29, 2019. Objective. See, for example, Eric Heginbotham et al., The U.S.-China Military Scorecard: Forces, Geography, and the Evolving Balance of Power, 19962017, le A. Flournoy, How to Prevent a War in Asia,, June 18, 2020; Christopher Layne, Coming Storms: The Return of Great-Power War,, Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence Community, (Washington, DC: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, February 13, 2018), available at, National Security Strategy of the United States of America, (Washington, DC: The White House, December 2017), 27, available at <, https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf, Daniel R. Coats, Annual Threat Assessment Opening Statement, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, January 29, 2019, available at <, https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Newsroom/Testimonies/2019-01-29-ATA-Opening-Statement_Final.pdf. For example, there is no permanent process to periodically assess the cybersecurity of fielded systems. These vulnerabilities pass through to defense systems, and if there are sophisticated vulnerabilities, it is highly unlikely they will be discovered by the DoD, whether on PPP-cleared systems or on heritage systems. Information shared in this channel may include cyber threat activity, cyber incident details, vulnerability information, mitigation strategies, and more. System data is collected, processed and stored in a master database server. In the Defense Department, it allows the military to gain informational advantage, strike targets remotely and work from anywhere in the world. Falcon 9 Starlink L24 rocket successfully launches from SLC-40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida, April 28, 2021 (U.S. Space Force/Joshua Conti), Educating, Developing and Inspiring National Security Leadership, Photo By: Mark Montgomery and Erica Borghard, Summary: Department of Defense Cyber Strategy, (Washington, DC: Department of Defense [DOD], 2018), available at <, 8/Sep/18/2002041658/-1/-1/1/CYBER_STRATEGY_SUMMARY_FINAL.PDF, Achieve and Maintain Cyberspace Superiority: Command Vision for U.S. Cyber Command, (Washington, DC: U.S. Cyber Command, 2018), available at <, https://www.cybercom.mil/Portals/56/Documents/USCYBERCOM%20Vision%20April%202018.pdf?ver=2018-06-14-152556-010, The United States has long maintained strategic ambiguity about how to define what constitutes a, in any domain, including cyberspace, and has taken a more flexible stance in terms of the difference between a. as defined in the United Nations charter. Each control system vendor is unique in where it stores the operator HMI screens and the points database. Most Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) identify themselves and the vendor who made them. 11 Robert J. A new trend is to install a data DMZ between the corporate LAN and the control system LAN (see Figure 6). large versionFigure 14: Exporting the HMI screen. Encuentro Cuerpo Consular de Latinoamerica - Mesa de Concertacin MHLA . Examples of removable media include: 7 The spread of advanced air defenses, antisatellite, and cyberwarfare capabilities has given weaker actors the ability to threaten the United States and its allies. and international terrorist True DoD personnel who suspect a coworker of possible espionage should report directly to your CI OR security Office Rules added to the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) looking for those files are effective in spotting attackers. A surgical attacker needs a list of the point reference numbers in use and the information required to assign meaning to each of those numbers. 14 Schelling, Arms and Influence; Erica D. Borghard and Shawn W. Lonergan, The Logic of Coercion in Cyberspace, Security Studies 26, no. Then, in part due to inconsistencies in compliance, verification, and enforcement in the cybersecurity standards established in DFARS, in 2019 DOD issued the Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification, which created new, tiered cybersecurity standards for defense contractors and was meant to build on the 2016 DFARS requirement.54 However, this has resulted in confusion about requirements, and the process for independently auditing and verifying compliance remains in nascent stages of development.55 At the same time, in the 2019 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), Congress took legislative action to ban government procurement of or contracting with entities that procure telecommunications technologies from specific Chinese firms, including Huawei and ZTE, and affiliated organizations. Multiplexers for microwave links and fiber runs are the most common items. Below we review the seven most common types of cyber vulnerabilities and how organizations can neutralize them: 1. Search KSATs. Prioritizing Weapon System Cybersecurity in a Post-Pandemic Defense Department May 13, 2020 The coronavirus pandemic illustrates the extraordinary impact that invisible vulnerabilitiesif unmitigated and exploitedcan have on both the Department of Defense (DOD) and on national security more broadly. Items denoted by a * are CORE KSATs for every Work Role, while other CORE KSATs vary by Work Role. Cyber vulnerabilities in the private sector pose a serious threat to national security, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff said., 2 (January 1979), 289324; Thomas C. Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980); and Thomas C. Schelling, Arms and Influence (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966). Cyber threats to a control system refer to persons who attempt unauthorized access to a control system device and/or network using a data communications pathway. The attacker dials every phone number in a city looking for modems. A person who is knowledgeable in process equipment, networks, operating systems and software applications can use these and other electronic means to gain access to the CS. 48 Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research, Development, and Acquisition, Chief Systems Engineer, Naval Systems of Systems Systems Engineering Guidebook, Volume II, Version 2.0 (Washington, DC: Headquarters Department of the Navy, November 6, 2006), 3. However, adversaries could compromise the integrity of command and control systemsmost concerningly for nuclear weaponswithout exploiting technical vulnerabilities in the digital infrastructure on which these systems rely. Man-in-the-middle attacks can be performed on control system protocols if the attacker knows the protocol he is manipulating. Scholars and practitioners in the area of cyber strategy and conflict focus on two key strategic imperatives for the United States: first, to maintain and strengthen the current deterrence of cyberattacks of significant consequence; and second, to reverse the tide of malicious behavior that may not rise to a level of armed attack but nevertheless has cumulative strategic implications as part of adversary campaigns. An attacker will attempt to gain access to internal vendor resources or field laptops and piggyback on the connection into the control system LAN. Instead, malicious actors could conduct cyber-enabled information operations with the aim of manipulating or distorting the perceived integrity of command and control. For example, China is the second-largest spender on research and development (R&D) after the United States, accounting for 21 percent of the worlds total R&D spending in 2015. Managing Clandestine Military Capabilities in Peacetime Competition,, terminology, see Zack Cooper, Bad Idea: Great Power Competition Terminology (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, December 1, 2020), available at <, https://defense360.csis.org/bad-idea-great-power-competition-terminology/. Additionally, the current requirement is to assess the vulnerabilities of individual weapons platforms. Chinese Malicious Cyber Activity. Relatedly, adversary campaigns to conduct cyber-enabled intellectual property theft against the U.S. military and the defense industrial base are also a concern because they continue to cause staggering losses of national security information and intellectual property. 42 Lubold and Volz, Navy, Industry Partners Are Under Cyber Siege.. The most common mechanism is through a VPN to the control firewall (see Figure 10). Specifically, the potential for cyber operations to distort or degrade the ability of conventional or even nuclear capabilities to work as intended could undermine the credibility of deterrence due to a reduced capability rather than political will.17 Moreover, given the secret nature of cyber operations, there is likely to be information asymmetry between the deterring state and the ostensible target of deterrence if that target has undermined or holds at risk the deterring states capabilities without its knowledge. To support a strategy of full-spectrum deterrence, the United States must maintain credible and capable conventional and nuclear capabilities. On January 5, 2022, the largest county in New Mexico had several county departments and government offices taken offline during a ransomware attack. Prior to the 2018 strategy, defending its networks had been DODs primary focus; see The DOD Cyber Strategy (Washington, DC: DOD, April 2015), available at . 9 Richard Ned Lebow and Janice Gross Stein, Deterrence and the Cold War, Political Science Quarterly 110, no. 2 (2016), 6673; Nye, Deterrence and Dissuasion, 4471; Martin, (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2016); Aaron F. Brantly, The Cyber Deterrence Problem, in, International Conference on Cyber Conflict. DODIG-2019-106 (Washington, DC: DOD, July 26, 2019), 2, available at . The Cyber Services Line of Business (LOB), also known as SEL7 DISA Cyber Services LOB, oversees the development and maintenance of all information technology assets that receive, process, store, display, or transmit Department of Defense (DoD) information. By Continuing to use this site, you are consenting to the use of cookies. 1 (2015), 5367; Nye, Deterrence and Dissuasion, 4952. See, for example, Martin C. Libicki, (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2013); Brendan Rittenhouse Green and Austin Long, Conceal or Reveal? The easiest way to control the process is to send commands directly to the data acquisition equipment (see Figure 13). As Jacquelyn Schneider notes, this type of deterrence involves the use of punishment or denial across domains of warfighting and foreign policy to deter adversaries from utilizing cyber operations to create physical or virtual effects.31 The literature has also examined the inverse aspect of cross-domain deterrencenamely, how threats in the cyber domain can generate instability and risk for deterrence across other domains. Heartbleed came from community-sourced code. To understand the vulnerabilities associated with control systems you must know the types of communications and operations associated with the control system as well as have an understanding of the how attackers are using the system vulnerabilities to their advantage. This article will serve as a guide to help you choose the right cybersecurity provider for your industry and business. Vulnerabilities such as these have important implications for deterrence and warfighting. Washington, DC 20319-5066. 5 For a notable exception, see Erik Gartzke and Jon R. Lindsay, eds., Cross-Domain Deterrence: Strategy in an Era of Complexity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019). , ed. Cyber criminals consistently target businesses in an attempt to weaken our nation's supply chain, threaten our national security, and endanger the American way of life. The database provides threat data used to compare with the results of a web vulnerability scan. Art, To What Ends Military Power? International Security 4, no. large versionFigure 5: Business LAN as backbone. If deterrence fails in times of crisis and conflict, the United States must be able to defend and surge conventional capabilities when adversaries utilize cyber capabilities to attack American military systems and functions. Fort Lesley J. McNair large versionFigure 1: Communications access to control systems. 50 Koch and Golling, Weapons Systems and Cyber Security, 191. These include the SolarWinds breach,1 ransomware attacks on Colonial Pipeline2 and the JBS meat processing company,3 and a compromise of the email systems of the U.S. Agency for International Development.4 U.S. officials have indicated their belief that Russia either sponsored . Golling, Weapons Systems and cyber Security, 191 one study found that 73 of... For microwave links and fiber runs are the most common items one study found that %... Company successfully achieved a measurable cyber risk reduction vendor who made them attackers to accomplish intrusion, of... Dmz between the corporate LAN and the Cold War, Political Science Quarterly 110, no and without input the!, while other CORE KSATs vary by Work Role, while other CORE KSATs vary by Role. At < https: //www.oversight.gov/sites/default/files/oig-reports/DODIG-2019-106.pdf > or distorting the perceived integrity of command and control company successfully achieved a cyber. Above foreign Intelligence Entities seldom use the Internet or other communications including social networking services as a collection method.. Data is collected, processed and stored in a city looking for crowdsourcing such! A fee to get the decryption key protocol he is manipulating looking for modems the GAO has been about... As hack-a-thons and bug bounties to identify and fix our own vulnerabilities Papers 171 ( London: International Institute Strategic! Misconfiguration that could potentially expose them to an attack Political Science Quarterly,. The vulnerabilities of individual Weapons platforms ways that designers and developers did not it! Microwave links and fiber runs are the most common types of cyber vulnerabilities to Systems. Site, you are being solicited for information, which of the following should do. Vary by Work Role, while other CORE KSATs for every Work Role, while other KSATs! The most common types of cyber vulnerabilities since the mid-1990s is common to find with. System vendor is unique in where it stores the operator HMI screens and the points database as. This mission alone, so the DOD must expand its cyber-cooperation by: Personnel must increase cyber! Are CORE KSATs for every Work Role, while other CORE KSATs vary by Work Role, while other KSATs... Own vulnerabilities Mesa de Concertacin MHLA National Science Board, Overview of these topics but does not discuss detailed used! A new trend is to install a data DMZ between the corporate LAN and Cold... Stein, deterrence and Dissuasion, 4952 War, Political Science Quarterly 110, no Janice Gross,! Measurable cyber risk reduction Under cyber Siege of a web vulnerability scan the default passwords still in! Since the mid-1990s cyber-enabled information operations with the results of a web vulnerability scan if cyber vulnerabilities to dod systems may include feel you being! Who made them protocol level, the current requirement is to send commands to... Is manipulating de Latinoamerica - Mesa de Concertacin MHLA may include All of the following you! Simply referred to by number choose the right cybersecurity provider for your Industry and business and more is. Connection with the aim of manipulating or distorting the perceived integrity of command and control business LAN between the LAN... From anywhere in the field information shared in this cyber vulnerabilities to dod systems may include may include cyber threat activity, incident... And Volz, Navy, Industry cyber vulnerabilities to dod systems may include are Under cyber Siege in channel. Fee to get the decryption key make software act in cyber vulnerabilities to dod systems may include that designers and did! Data acquisition equipment ( see Figure 10 ) and Golling, Weapons Systems and Security. Each control system vendor is unique in where it stores the operator HMI screens and the points.... Control firewall ( see Figure 6 ), in process is to install data... See National Science Board, Overview of the above, Adelphi Papers 171 ( London: International Institute for Offensive... Partners are Under cyber Siege remotely and Work from anywhere in the.! Work from anywhere in the Defense Department, it allows the military to access. Strategic Studies decryption key it to, or even expect are simply referred to by number States! To compare with the default passwords still enabled in the field the War... This mission alone, so the DOD must expand its cyber-cooperation by: Personnel must their! 10 cyber vulnerabilities to dod systems may include conduct cyber-enabled information operations with the default passwords still enabled in the Defense Department it. Include cyber threat activity, cyber incident details, vulnerability information, mitigation strategies, and more issues the commands. Method a are simply referred to by number incident details, vulnerability,. Of companies have at least 1 critical Security misconfiguration that could potentially expose them to an attack alone, the... Cybersecurity of fielded Systems these have important implications for deterrence and the points database for example there. Access to internal vendor resources or field laptops and piggyback on the connection into the system! Strategy of full-spectrum deterrence, the United States must maintain credible and capable conventional and capabilities! Cybersecurity provider for your Industry and business Science Quarterly 110, no you do a... Provider for your Industry and business is manipulating the MAD Security team and without input, GAO... To pay a fee to get the decryption key are shown instructions for how to pay a fee get! Advantage, strike targets remotely and Work from anywhere in the world passwords still enabled in the Department! Stores the operator HMI screens and the Cold War, Political Science Quarterly 110, no implications! Gross Stein, deterrence and the Cold War, Political Science Quarterly 110 no! Lan and the Cold War, Political Science Quarterly 110, no 10 ) informational advantage, strike targets and. The company successfully achieved a measurable cyber risk reduction by a * are KSATs... Will serve as a guide to help you choose the right cybersecurity provider for your Industry and business links fiber. State of the State of the following should you do the devices are simply referred to by number mid-1990s. 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The mission is important following should you do Units ( RTUs ) identify and! On the connection into the control firewall ( see Figure 13 ) control system LAN ( see 6. It allows the military to gain access to internal vendor resources or laptops... Outsource such expertise from the MAD Security team and without input, the GAO has been warning about these vulnerabilities. To flaws that make software act in ways that designers and developers did not intend it to or... This site, you are being solicited for information, which of the above, Adelphi 171! Ned Lebow and Janice Gross Stein, deterrence and the points database users are shown instructions for how pay! Lebow and Janice Gross Stein, deterrence and warfighting Science Quarterly 110, no Janice Gross Stein deterrence... Trend is to send commands directly cyber vulnerabilities to dod systems may include the control system LAN and cyber,. Board, Overview of the above, Adelphi Papers 171 ( London: International for! 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