It was also agreed that the marriage would take place as soon as Henry completed his fifteenth year. The right of Succession (of any child born to Catherine and Henry) depends on the undoubted legitimacy of the treaty." New York: Pearson Longman, 2006. The four armies now made up the four sides of a square.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-banner-1','ezslot_8',136,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-banner-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-banner-1','ezslot_9',136,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-banner-1-0_1');.banner-1-multi-136{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}, Without the support of the Stanley brothers, Richard looked certain to be defeated. (14571509) king of England and lord of Ireland, Earl of Warwick, Richard Neville But they do not make a king seem a dashing or a glamorous figure. (45) Almost thirty years later Catherine deposed, under the seal of the confessional, that they had shared a bed for no more than seven nights, and that she had remained "as intact and incorrupt as when she emerged from her mother's womb". [8], Simons avoided execution due to his priestly status, but was imprisoned for life. Henry could not complain as Arthur, now aged fifteen, was very small and undeveloped and was "half a head shorter" than Catherine. Henry VII was tall and lean, his seeming fragility concealing a sinewy strength. A Study in Catholic Propaganda (Answer Commentary), Why were women hostile to Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn? Considered a pawn in his uprising and only a child when his rebellion occurred, he was given a job in King Henrys kitchen. He told him of his startling looks, including his strong athletic limbs "of a gigantic size" was already beginning to arouse the admiration of the Royal Court. His account of the journey provides invaluable eyewitness testimony to the trauma and tragedy that many emigrants had to face en route to their new lives in Canada and America. (6) Negotiations took place and in December 1483, Henry took an oath in Rennes Cathedral to marry Elizabeth of York were he to be successful in making himself king of England. Pole and his mercenaries, joined by 4,000 Irish troops, arrived on the Cumbrian coast on 4th June and marched across northern Lancashire before moving south. The imposture of Lambert Simnel as the imprisoned nephew of Edward IV, Edward, earl of Warwick, however exotic, was much more menacing, because it occured within two years of Bosworth. (60) It has been argued that it was Henry VII who was keeping his son away from Catherine: "Observers were indeed struck by how Prince Henry existed entirely under the thumb of his father, living in virtual seclusion; the King, either out of fear for his son's safety or from a testy habit of domination, arranged every detail of his life". Arthur was in poor health and according to William Thomas, Groom of his Privy Chamber, he had been over-exerting himself. Catherine was also encouraged to learn French as very few people in the English court spoke Spanish or Latin. At the age of about ten, he was taken as a pupil by an Oxford-trained priest named Richard Simon (or Richard Symonds / Richard Simons / William Symonds) who apparently decided to become a kingmaker. And then a convenient figurehead appeared. For example, Henry VII's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was only thirteen when she had him and never had any other children in the course of four marriages. While on paper the challenge seemed absurd, it was one that Henry VII had to deal with especially when the Earl of Lincoln rallied to the cause and fled via Flanders to Ireland also in May 1487. The parliament which met on 7th November asserted the legitimacy of Henry's title and annulled the instrument embodying Richard III's title to the throne. (51). Primary sources are very important records which throw light on the age, life, culture, history, philosophy, society and the patterns of living It can be studied and read to gain important information about any age. These children, all surnamed Beaufort, were legitimised by statute of Richard II in 1397, after Gaunt married their mother; however, ten years later, Henry IV, confirming this, added a rider to the statute which barred the Beauforts and their heirs from ever inheriting the crown." Complete though his victory was, Henry spent the next four months moving cautiously through the midlands and north, venturing as far as Newcastle to secure the region's loyalty. The Mystery of the Bermagui Five, (In Pics) Six Abandoned Insane Asylums: Dungeons for the Helpless. Arthur was just fifteen, and Catherine nearly sixteen. The treaty also contained an agreement that, as the parties were related, the signatories bound themselves to obtain the necessary dispensation from Rome. In 1492 King Charles VIII of France began funding his campaign. After he was seen wearing silk clothes, some Cork citizens honored him as a member of the Royal House of York. At that time, Christians believed it was wrong for a man to marry his brother's wife. He was a competent soldier, but always chose peace instead of war as being so much cheaper and so much safer. (40) As a high-born Castilian bride, Catherine remained veiled to both her husband and her father-in-law until after the marriage ceremony. Simnel was later given the post of kings falconer in recognition of how well he had worked. (Answer Commentary), Francis Walsingham - Codes & Codebreaking (Answer Commentary), Sir Thomas More: Saint or Sinner? However, this ended in failure when he was given sanctuary by a group of Breton noblemen in Brittany. Lambert Simnel was presented as the Earl of Warwick, Richard III's nephew. Congress, Civic Participation, and Primary Sources Projects. They would also constitute a compelling case for making a man director of a great industrial concern. Historians and Novelists on Thomas Cromwell, Francis Walsingham - Codes & Codebreaking, Hans Holbein's Art and Religious Propaganda. Simnel, one of the many pretenders to the throne of Henry VII, was put forward as Edward, earl of Warwick, nephew of Richard III, escaped from the Tower. Henry enthusiastically "showed off his nineteen-month-old son, first dressed in cloth of gold and then stripped naked, so they could see he had no deformity." The battle of Stoke was a sharp and brutal encounter." (27), Henry VII decided he would need to impose a new tax to pay the cost of raising an army. The four armies now made up the four sides of a square.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-banner-1','ezslot_8',136,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-banner-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-banner-1','ezslot_9',136,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-banner-1-0_1');.banner-1-multi-136{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}Without the support of the Stanley brothers, Richard looked certain to be defeated. For example, Henry VII's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was only thirteen when she had him and never had any other children in the course of four marriages. (41), Arthur and Catherine married on 14th November 1501, at St Paul's Cathedral in London. (45) Almost thirty years later Catherine deposed, under the seal of the confessional, that they had shared a bed for no more than seven nights, and that she had remained "as intact and incorrupt as when she emerged from her mother's womb". In June 1487, Simnel landed in Lancashire, supported by 2,000 German mercenaries provided by Edward IV's sister Margaret, duchess of Burgundy, and in company with a genuine Yorkist claimant, John de la Pole, earl of Lincoln, who had abandoned his temporary loyalty to the Tudors. (23) Jasper Ridley claims that this shows that "Henry VII was not a vindictive man, and his style of government was quiet and efficient, never using more cruelty or deceit than was necessary. Fraser goes on to argue that the Tudors believed that bearing children too young might damage their chances of having further children. She quotes from several different sources that indicate that they had a happy marriage. According to his biographer, Michael J. Bennett: "Simnel. However, Lincoln did not receive as much support as he had anticipated. These plans came to an end when Herbert was executed after the Battle of Edgecote Moor on 26th July 1469. That night, when Arthur lifted Catherine's veil he discovered a girl with "a fair complexion, rich reddish-gold hair that fell below hip-level, and blue-eyes". Later he became a falconer for the king, and never showed the slightest inclination to rebel again. In the meantime Henry allowed Catherine 100 a month, and appointed one of his own surveyors to oversee the management of it. The second largest city in England, Norwich, had 13,000 inhabitants; but Bristol and Newcastle were the only other towns with more than 10,000. (54) Christopher Morris, the author of The Tudors (1955) has suggested that Dudley was the king's most "unpopular and unscrupulous minister". Contemporary sources claim that "she was also on the plump side - but then a pleasant roundness in youth was considered to be desirable at this period, a pointer to future fertility". He seems to have been consumptive, and had grown weaker since the wedding. (Answer Commentary), The Marriage of Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon (Answer Commentary), Poverty in Tudor England (Answer Commentary). Lambert Simnel was born in about 1476. (16) Bishop Stephen Gardiner commented: "Every country hath his peculiar inclination to naughtiness. Lambert Simnel was born in about 1476. Richard had been informed that Lord Stanley had already promised to help Henry Tudor. The Lambert Simnel Rebellion. He held the title of "Lord of Ireland" since the 12th century, but effectively governed only an area that was roughly a semi-circle forty miles deep around Dublin. It is claimed this raised 14,699. He could not afford to be generous without seeming to be weak. Though few contemporaries expected his regime to last, the history of England had taken a decisive turn. David Starkey has suggested he might have been suffering from testicular cancer. Warbeck was now an awkward presence in Scotland, and James soon had him removed, sending him off in a ship to Ireland. Anxious reports might pass between ambassadors on physical development; royal parents might take advice on their offsprings' readiness for the ordeal. (57)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-portrait-1','ezslot_26',706,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-portrait-1-0');Catherine of AragonHenry VII was keen to maintain his alliance with Ferdinand of Aragon and recently widowed, offered to marry Catherine of Aragon himself. King Henry treated Warbeck well, and after he confessed that he was a fraud, he was provided accommodation at the court of Henry. As he was 46 years-old and in poor health, this idea was rejected and on 23rd June 1503, he signed a new treaty betrothing Catherine to Henry, his only surviving son, then aged twelve. This was a turning point in his fortunes. Nearly every summer they were hit by epidemics of the Plague or Sweating Sickness which killed many of the population and improved the standard of living of the survivors, as the shortage of tenants and agricultural labourers kept rents low and wages high. She made no secret of her opposition to the usurping Tudors. More worrying were the figures in the English nobility who signaled their support for Warbeck. On 5 June 1487, Simnel's armymainly Flemish and Irish troopslanded on Piel Island in the Furness area of Lancashire and were joined by some English supporters. Elizabeth of York was placed in the London household of his mother, Margaret Beaufort. Was Henry VIII's son, Henry FitzRoy, murdered? (Answer Commentary). [7], On 16 June 1487, the rebels clashed with the King's army, at the Battle of Stoke Field in Nottinghamshire, and were defeated. On 27th March 1502, Arthur fell seriously ill. Based on the description of symptoms by his servants, he appeared to have been suffering from a bronchial or pulmonary condition, such as pneumonia, tuberculosis or some virulent form of influenza. Henry VII : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. The people of Cornwall objected to paying taxes for war against Scotland and began a march on London. But all these virtues were obscured in later life by greed. There was no identification card or DNA test to confirm you are who you say you are. However, Elizabeth's biographer, Rosemary Horrox, disagrees with this assessment. The comments - sometimes remind one of those breeders discussing the mating of thoroughbred stock, and the comparison is indeed not so far off. For example, many people refer to these sources to gain information, knowledge and a general idea about the time. Henry Tudor, as the head of the House of Lancaster, now had a claim to become king. It was considered too dangerous to allow Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile to make the journey. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Henry VII faced many challenges to secure his throne. You can follow John Simkin on Twitter, Google+ & Facebook or subscribe to our monthly newsletter. "Lovell, Francis". Vaughan was captured and executed and the two men escaped to Tenby and took a ship, heading for France but landing in Brittany late in the month after a stormy voyage. The sea-crossing was terrible: a violent storm blew up in the Bay of Biscay, and the ship was tossed about for several days in rough seas and the captain was forced to return to Spain. You can follow John Simkin on Twitter, Google+ & Facebook or subscribe to our monthly newsletter.Alison Weir has argued that Arthur was suffering from consumption: "There was concern about the Prince's delicate health. John Edward Bowle, the author of Henry VIII (1964) claims that the young Henry Tudor benefitted from living in France: "Henry Tudor had learnt in exile and diplomacy to keep his own council and to handle men: he could hold aloof and inspire fear, and became the greatest architect of the Tudor fortunes. If you find this article useful, please feel free to share on websites like, The Marriage of Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon. The Earl of Lincoln was killed during the battle and Lambert Simnel was captured.According to Polydore Vergil Henry VII spared Lambert Simnel, and put him to service, first in the scullery, and later as a falconer. Belmez Faces: Mystery of the People in the Floor. No bodies were ever found, leaving open the possibility that they had escaped. She told her father she had managed to buy only two dresses since she came to England from Spain six years earlier.Catherine was kept apart from Prince Henry, complaining in 1507 that she had not seen him for four months, although they were both living in the same palace. In 1996, Blyth Power's album Out From Under the King included a song, Lambert Simnel. Along with Richard Simon, a priest from Oxford, the Yorkists presented Lambert Simnel as this legitimate claimant, free and backed by an army. At this time, England and Wales had a combined population of only two and a half million, compared to the seven and a half million of Castile and Aragon, and the fifteen million of France. In 1487, his claim to be Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, threatened the newly established reign of Henry VII (1485-1509). According to his biographer, Michael J. Bennett: "Simnel. Ferdinand's motivation was that Spanish merchants wishing to reach the Netherlands, needed the protection of English ports if France was barred to them. He marched across the Pennines and then south. Those nobles who had supported Lincoln were not as generously treated. (20), It is believed that John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, nephew of the Yorkist kings, was the leader of the conspiracy. He told him of his startling looks, including his strong athletic limbs "of a gigantic size" was already beginning to arouse the admiration of the Royal Court. (30) Warbeck managed to escape but he was soon recaptured and on 18th June, 1499, he was sent to the Tower of London for life. Initially he was put into the care of women and his nursery at Farnham. Simnel, a mere pawn, was pardoned and set to work as a scullion in the royal kitchens. "In an age when marriages were frequently contracted for reasons of state between children or those hovering between childhood and adolescence, more care rather than less was taken over the timing of consummation. He was then borne in state to the Castle on the shoulders of tall men, that he might be seen by the enthusiastic populace. In 1485 Richard III, the last Plantagenet king of England, was defeated and killed on the battlefield, with Henry Tudor claiming the throne to become Henry VII. In the meantime Henry allowed Catherine 100 a month, and appointed one of his own surveyors to oversee the management of it. (c) Copyright Oxford University Press, 2021. (47)On 27th March 1502, Arthur fell seriously ill. Based on the description of symptoms by his servants, he appeared to have been suffering from a bronchial or pulmonary condition, such as pneumonia, tuberculosis or some virulent form of influenza. Warbeck fell into Henry's hands in October 1497; before long he had abused the king's leniency and so was hanged (23 November 1499). According to his biographer, Michael J. Bennett: "Simnel was born probably in Oxford, the son of Thomas Simnel, a carpenter, organ maker, or cobbler. Lambert Simnel (c. 14751535) impostor and claimant to the English throne Quick Reference ( c. 1475- c. 1535). He later recalled he "conducted him clad in his night gown unto the Princess's bedchamber door often and sundry times." Richard refused, claiming that he could still obtain victory by killing Henry Tudor in personal combat. Henry would have been concerned by her size. The following year he became entangled in another plot. It is estimated that Henry VII had three million subjects. (7)The regents of the young King Charles VIII saw the advantage of supporting Henry Tudor against Richard III and provided him with money, ships, and men to seek the crown. It is not known when Lambert Simnel died. This served a dual purpose. The Scotch-Irish in America tells the story of how the hardy breed of men and women, who in America came to be known as the Scotch-Irish, was forged in the north of Ireland during the seventeenth century. He then proceeded to fine all those involved in the rebellion. The king then sent a message to Lord Stanley threatening to execute his son unless he immediately sent his troops to join the king on Ambien Hill. They were accused of acting illegally when they extorted large sums of money from wealthy landowners under the recognisance system, and of not only obtaining this money for the King, but of enriching themselves in the process." Historic Mysteries is an Amazon Associate and earns from qualifying purchases. (48) Antonia Fraser, believes that as Catherine was also ill at the same time, the both might have had sweating sickness.Prince Arthur died on Saturday, 2nd April, 1502. Richard, because he expected victory, received Henry with great courage Henry's army were now almost out of hope of victory, when William Stanley with three thousand men came to the rescue Richard's army fled, and King Richard alone was killed fighting manfully in the thickest press of his enemies. After Henry VII was informed about this, he also started gathering troops. However, Elizabeth's biographer, Rosemary Horrox, disagrees with this assessment. As David Loades points out: "The marriage of a ruler was the highest level of the matrimonial game, and carried the biggest stakes, but it was not the only level. The King believed, as did most other people, that Arthur had been over-exerting himself in the marriage bed." | Privacy Policy | Contact Us | DMCA Notice, This website uses cookies to improve your experience. The Mysterious Case of Tichborne and His Stolen Identity, The Witch-Queen of England? A daughter, particularly, might undergo half a dozen betrothals in the interests of shifting policies before her destiny eventually caught up with her." The rebellion was crushed in 1487. Richard sent an order to Lord Thomas Stanley and Sir William Stanley, two of the most powerful men in England, to bring their 6,000 soldiers to fight for the king. He quickly recruited 8,000 Cornishmen but they were unsuccessful in taking Exeter. Simond alleged, that having rescued the child from death, he had brought him to a land known to be specially attached to the cause of the White Rose, and relied that the Yorkists of Ireland would vindicate the rights of a boy whose deceased father, the Duke of Clarence, had been born amongst them in Dublin Castle. Ferdinand's motivation was that Spanish merchants wishing to reach the Netherlands, needed the protection of English ports if France was barred to them. Symonds, a Yorkist, first decided to pass off Simnel as Richard of York, the younger of the two boys but then decided to pass him off as the Earl of Warwick. (3), It is believed that John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, nephew of the Yorkist kings, was the leader of the conspiracy. Henry's army, probably twice the size of Pole's, headed north from London. File:Lambert simnel.jpg From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository Jump to navigationJump to search File File history File usage on Commons File usage on other wikis Metadata Size of this preview: 507 600 pixels. They arrived in Ireland on 5 May. Living the Lie: Who Was the Mysterious Man from Formosa? His origins are obscure, even in official accounts; his mother is unknown and he may have been illegitimate. During his reign Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley became the king's most trusted ministers. In October 1499 Arthur wrote to her thanking her for the "sweet letters" she had sent him: "I cannot tell you what an earnest desire I feel to see your Highness, and how vexatious to me is this procrastination about your coming. Information, knowledge and a general idea about the time uprising and only a child his! Wearing silk clothes, some Cork citizens honored him as a member of the treaty. subjects... As very few people in the London household of his mother, Beaufort! 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