Hotel Ponce de Leon: The Architecture & Decoration. The mausoleum adjacent to the church is where Flagler, his daughter, granddaughter and first wife are buried. Despite (or perhaps because of) the tragic death of the mother of his children, Henry Flagler poured himself into the business of Standard Oil. He was born in New York. Also, on July 28, 2006, a statue of Flagler was unveiled on the southeast steps of Miami's Dade County Courthouse, located on Miami's Flagler Street. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986. By then the trust still had a 70% market share of the refined oil market but only 14% of the U.S. crude oil supply. The Alcazar Hotel and Casa Monica Hotel have their own fascinating histories. Only his son Harry survived of the three children by his first marriage in 1853 to Mary Harkness. His father, Isaac Flagler, was a Presbyterian minister. In 1882, Flagler and Rockefeller's lawyers created an innovative form of corporation to centralize their holdings, giving birth to the Standard Oil Trust. His wife, Mary Harkness, had never been of robust health; she had borne three children. It supplied kerosene by tank cars that brought the fuel to local markets, and tank wagons then delivered to retail customers, thus bypassing the existing network of wholesale jobbers. Sets with similar terms swee1122 I do not believe any one else would develop it if I do not, but I do hope to live long enough to prove I am a good business man by getting a dividend on my investment. St. Augustine, FL: Saint Augustine Historical Society, 1978. Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 - May 20, 1913) was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil, which was first based in Ohio. Flagler and Rockefeller finally gave up their dream of controlling all the world's oil refining. [20] The New York State Legislature's Hepburn Committee in 1879 conducted hearings in response to the complaints of local merchants that were not involved in the oil trade in order to investigate railroad rebate practices. In fact, after completing the eighth grade, he decided to leave home and went to Ohio to find his fortune. The couple had two daughters, Jennie Louise, born in 1855, and Carrie, born in 1858. At the time, Key West was Florida's most populous city, with a population of 20,000, and it was also the United States' deep water port closest to the canal that the U.S. government proposed to build in Panama. Henry Flagler had realized his dream and slipped quietly from this world at his ocean cottage 'Nautalis' on May 20, 1913, in Palm Beach, Florida. What kind of a man was Henry Flagler and why do you think this? 1-17. In the springtime of 1870, Mary Harkness Flagler even became pregnant with the couple's third child (the aforementioned Henry "Harry" Flagler). Standiford, Les. "How Slave Labor Built the State of Florida Decades After the Civil War." Covert, Robert. [citation needed], By the end of the American Civil War, Cleveland was one of the five main refining centers in the U.S. (besides Pittsburgh, New York City, Philadelphia, and the region in northwestern Pennsylvania where most of the oil originated). Tarbell's father had been driven out of the oil business during the South Improvement Company affair. Her husband, Henry Morrison Flagler, was fifty-one years old. As we know, Flagler's business activity in Florida had earned him the attention of the public as well as state officials. 1. He was even given permission to use the coquina quarry on Anastasia Island to source materials for his state-of-the-art hotels. "I never had an animus against their size and wealth, never objected to their corporate form. A large portion of his estate was designated for a "niece" who was said actually to be a child born out of wedlock. To get a more in-depth narrative of the life of that building complex, visit The Ponce de Leon Hotel's Historical Place profile on our website. One of the grain brokers So, when sources from the time period say that Ida Alice Shourds Flagler was insane, one must look closely and think critically. The National Petroleum Exchange opened in Manhattan in late 1882 to facilitate the oil futures trading. Ida Alice Shourds became Ida Alice Shourds Flagler in June of 1883 and moved into the Flagler family home the day after their wedding. By the start of the Civil War in 1861, Rockefeller was brokering most of the Harkness grain. [33] Ohio was especially vigorous in applying its state anti-trust laws, and finally forced a separation of Standard Oil of Ohio from the rest of the company in 1892, the first step in the dissolution of the trust. "[57][58], According to historian Joe Knetsch, reformers and muckrakers exaggerated charges of peonage regarding construction of the Florida East Coast Railway in 1893 to 1909. Throughout it all, Mary was made to brave her condition without her husband, who had taken to staying at the Buckingham Hotel in New York, completely immersed in the business of Standard Oil. His business dealings, along with those of partner John D. Rockefeller's, were laid out in painstaking detail by one bold muckraker of the era, Ida Carrie died at the age of 3. Louis Comfort Tiffany (who was about ten years into his monumental career) was hired to decorate the hotel and craft its windows. Castleden, Louise Decatur. But Standard Oil adapted, developing its own European presence, expanding into natural gas production in the U.S., then into gasoline for automobiles, which until then had been considered a waste product. "Our Own Riviera," Harper's New Monthly Magazine. She is next to her mother and Flagler's first wife, Marjorie Mary Harkness Flagler. However, Smith had fallen on some hard times and sold the hotel to Henry Flagler not long after it opened in 1888. Flagler encouraged fruit farming and settlement along his railway line and made many gifts to build hospitals, churches and schools in Florida. At last in 1911, the Supreme Court of the United States found Standard Oil Company of New Jersey in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. According to Florida historian Thomas Graham in his book The Awakening of St. Augustine, an acquaintance of the businessman once inquired about whether his judgment was sound when he decided to invest in Florida (one can imagine that they may not have been acquaintances for very long afterward). "Historical Person Profile: Henry Flagler." Pennzoil and Chevron have remained separate companies. To further convince Flagler to continue the railroad to Miami, he was offered land in exchange for laying rail tracks from private landowners, the Florida East Coast Canal and Transportation Company, and the Boston and Florida Atlantic Coast Land Company. Franklin W. Smith had just finished building Villa Zorayda and Flagler offered to buy it for his honeymoon. This project sparked Flagler's interest in creating a new "American Riviera." Henry Flagler didn't leave the sanitarium wanting, however, as Alice's estate (to which only her Flagler-hired guardians had direct access) was full of Standard Oil stocks. Flagler originally intended West Palm Beach to be the terminus of his railroad system, but in 1894 and 1895, severe freezes hit the area, causing Flagler to reconsider. There, they were both given work by Lamon Harkness, who was the brother of Dan's late father. As our little daughter is only 8 month old we wanted to provide her a sheltered place to sit in in the 25 degrees and we wanted to visit the house while we swap over looking after her as . Along with cheques and stocks, Flagler also gifted his wife with a new estate in Palm Beach, Florida. He was a founder of Standard Oil. "[40], By 1892, Standard Oil had a monopoly over all oil refineries in the United States. During the Gilded Age, this new class of robber barons like Flagler, Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Vanderbilt were shaking up American society. Due to the harsh working and living conditions in the railway construction camps, many workers became victims of debt slavery. It was Henry M. Flagler controlled a vast fortune, which he earned by buying out small oil refineries and creating a monopoly with Standard Oil. When he was 23, Flagler married Mary Harkness, a frail, 20-year-old cousin of Dan Harkness. Standard Oil also had the highest capitalization, totaling $26,000,000 (equivalent to $784million in 2021). In the case of Henry Flagler's life, it seems his personal troubles compounded in the 1890s. Henry Flagler: The Astonishing Life and Times of the Visionary Robber Baron Who Founded Florida. In 1868, at age 37, Flagler joined with John Rockefeller and Samuel Andrews to form the Rockefeller, Andrews and Flagler Oil Refinery. Struck by the tragic loss of his eldest daughter and first granddaughter, Henry Flagler sought solace in his business projects and the council of friends like Dr. Andrew Anderson. [62], Flagler was entombed in the Flagler family mausoleum at Memorial Presbyterian Church in St. Augustine alongside his first wife, Mary Harkness; daughter, Jenny Louise; and granddaughter, Marjorie. Les Standiford (Goodreads Author) (shelved 3 times as henry-flagler) avg rating 4.08 3,518 ratings published 2002. If Smith could raise $50,000, Flagler would invest $150,000 and they would build a hotel together. Flagler also met one Dr. Andrew Anderson, who would almost immediately become a lifelong partner and friend. You see, during the Gilded Age [and for far too long after it], women could be sent to a mental institution for just about anything. Henry Morrison Flagler was born on January 2, 1830 in Hopewell, New York, to Reverend and Mrs. Isaac Flagler. The Hotel Alcazar is now the location of St. Augustine City Hall and the Lightner Museum, and the Casa Monica Hotel is still in business to this day. Rather than try to influence the price of crude oil directly, Standard Oil had been exercising indirect control by altering oil storage charges to suit market conditions. Henry is originated from United States. He also used labor agencies to bring around 4,000 new immigrants to Florida who contracted to work until their transportation costs had been paid off. [3], Flagler attended local schools through eighth grade. His parents were very poor and struggled to feed their family. After the death of Flagler's eldest daughter he made it his goal to create the magnificent sanctuary. [36] The court ruled that the trust originated in illegal monopoly practices and ordered it to be broken up into 34 new companies. Dr. Shelton had attended Flagler's daughter Jennie Benedict when she died from complications after childbirth in 1889. Indeed, Mary Harkness Flagler's ailments first brought Henry Flagler to Far Florida. Reynolds, Charles B. By 1852, Henry had saved enough money to become the one-third-owner of the Harkness & Company alongside his half-brother Dan and Dan's uncle Lamon. It was due largely to the efforts of Henry M. Flagler and John D. He is known as the father of Miami, Florida and also founded Palm Beach, Florida. the Trust and Non-Profit Organization established by Flagler's grand-daughter Jean Flagler Matthews, to preserve Whitehall, has . But in the aftermath of that battle, in 1879 the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania indicted Flagler and Rockefeller on charges of monopolizing the oil trade, starting an avalanche of similar court proceedings in other states and making a national issue of Standard Oil's business practices. Even when a draft was issued in 1862, requiring American men 18 to 45 to join the service, Henry Flagler did not join the military. [citation needed], In 1912, the Florida Overseas Railroad was completed to Key West. "For the longest time, I could not imagine why Jean would save Whitehall," said Mr. Ponce. Keys, L. (2015) Hotel Ponce de Leon: The Rise, Fall, and Rebirth of Flagler's Gilded Age Palace. He was 14 years old, and leaving the home of his parents in Hopewell, N.J., to . Flagler returned to Bellevue having lost his initial $50,000 investment and an additional $50,000 he had borrowed from his father-in-law and Daniel. 101 - 123). whereas said Henry M. Flagler has recently lost by death a beloved daughter and in affectionate remembrance of her has been desirous of erecting some worthy monument to her Memory and believing that nothing should be more accordant with her known wishes and the tenor of her life on earth than that such Memorial should be a temple devoted to the worship of God and the teaching of that living faith in which she lived and died has erected in the City of St. Augustine a church edifice in loving . Visually exquisite, the Flagler Memorial Presbyterian Church was built by Henry Flagler in 1889. [34] Although her work prompted a huge backlash against the company, Tarbell claims to have been surprised at its magnitude. Along with that, Henry Flagler being referred to as a 'Robber Baron' alongside businessmen like Carnegie and Rockefeller is no exaggeration. [44], Although Flagler remained on the board of directors of Standard Oil, he gave up his day-to-day involvement in the corporation to pursue his interests in Florida. That craze mounted when two months later, Flagler filed for divorce in Dade County and was granted such on August 13th, 1901. The Washington Post. Mary Harkness Flagler was the sweet, unpretentious first wife of Henry. Commander John Flagler, USN. 1888: The Ponce de Leon Hotel in St. Augustine, 1888: The Casa Monica/ Cordova Hotel in St. Augustine, 1894: The Royal Poinciana Hotel in Palm Beach (on Lake Worth), 1897: The Royal Palm Hotel on the banks of the Miami River, 1901: The Breakers Hotel in Palm Beach (on the Atlantic Coast). In June 1870, Flagler and Rockefeller formed Standard Oil of Ohio, which rapidly became the most profitable refiner in Ohio. In just eighteen months of harried work and lavish spending, the Ponce de Leon Hotel was opened for business in January of 1888. After his first wife's death, Flagler developed a . The case can be made that Flagler was the intellectual genius who devised both the overall concepts and the details of the company policies and programs that turned Standard Oil into the most feared, powerful, and profitable company of the 19th and early . There is also a kitchen, equipped with a dishwasher, oven and microwave. He invested with the guidance of Dr. Andrew Anderson, a native of St. Augustine. Despite her frail health, though, she was the only one of Henry Flagler's three wives to bear him any children. He would describe his childhood often as having been 'hungry and cold'. Rockefeller. "[24] To the critics Flagler and Rockefeller replied, "In a business so large as ours some things are likely to be done which we cannot approve. Soon after, though, Mary and Harry followed. She married Frederick L. Tuttle 1867-1886), and they had two children, Frances Emeline 1868 and Henry 1870. After a few short weeks, the family all moved back to New York, much to the detriment of Mary Harkness Flagler's health, which got progressively worse in the coming years. Graham, Thomas. Rockefeller retained his nominal title as president until 1911 and he kept his stock. Augustine. "[27] Over time foreign competition and new finds abroad eroded his dominance. After two years of institutionalization and much assessment by the courts, Ida Alice Shourds Flagler was legally ruled incurably insane in 1899. Flagler and Rockefeller eventually prevailed and the railroad sold all its oil interests to Standard. During this time he worked to pay back his stepbrother. To learn more about the history of those buildings, visit the Alcazar Hotel Historical Place profile or the Casa Monica Hotel Historical Place profile on our website. Carolina Story: Virtual Museum of University History", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Lily_Kenan_Flagler_Bingham&oldid=1125142626, This page was last edited on 2 December 2022, at 11:49. These certificates became traded by speculators, thus creating the first oil-futures market which effectively set spot market prices from then on. Barely any of Ida Alice's personal writings have survived, so there is a major piece of the puzzle missing. Smith would not sell, but he planted the seed of St. Augustine's and Florida's future in Flagler's mind. He found that salt mining required more technical knowledge than he had and struggled in the industry during the Civil War. An immense engineering effort was required to cut through the wilderness and marsh from St. Augustine to Palm Beach. He planned to build a hotel on that land, one that gave Northern tourists a fine place to spend their money. Such incentive led to the development of Miami, which was an unincorporated area at the time. Flagler was in a special position to make those deals due to his connections as a grain merchant. The land owners were Julia Tuttle, whom he had met in Cleveland, Ohio, and William Brickell, who ran a trading post on the Miami River. The family moved as was necessary for Isaac's job, having lived in Virginia and Ohio during Henry's childhood. Flagler went on to build the Memorial Presbyterian Church for Jennie and her baby daughter Margery in St. Augustine. Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 - May 20, 1913) was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil. . As such, the salt industry was tax-exempt during the Civil War and essential employees were exempt from the draft. VisitStAugustine.com. [citation needed], When looking back at Flagler's life, after Flagler's death, George W. Perkins, of J.P. Morgan & Co., reflected, "But that any man could have the genius to see of what this wilderness of waterless sand and underbrush was capable and then have the nerve to build a railroad here, is more marvelous than similar development anywhere else in the world. Those who failed to fulfill these expectations were often punished for it. When asked by the president of Rollins College in Winter Park about his philanthropic efforts, Flagler reportedly replied, "I believe this state is the easiest place for many men to gain a living. Flagler's stepbrother Stephen V. Harkness invested $100,000 (equivalent to $1.94million in 2021[6]) on the condition that Flagler be made a partner. As a result, Flagler and Rockefeller and their associates owned dozens of separate corporations, each of which operated in just one state; the management of the whole enterprise was rather unwieldy. He was also a key figure in the development of the eastern coast of Florida along the Atlantic Ocean and was founder of what became the Florida East Coast Railway. Cutthroat Cruel business man. [17]This subsidiary, the Empire Transportation Company, which Joseph D. Potts created in 1865 and also ran, owned other assets including a small fleet of ships on the Great Lakes. She left the millions she inherited to members of her family and to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. In a few years, it seems he embraced the life of a wealthy widower. Besides its two refineries and a barrel plant in Cleveland, it possessed a fleet of tank cars and warehouses in the oil regions as well as warehouses and tanks in New York. First, Dr. Anderson worked through the bureaucracy to get Flagler approval to fill in the marshland that was west of the original town plan. 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